Global Climate Change: Uzbekistan’s Initiatives and the Future of Our National Flora

In November 2026, the 31st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP31) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) will take place in Antalya, Türkiye. Countries from around the world will discuss climate change mitigation, adaptation to its impacts, and the expansion of international cooperation. For Uzbekistan, the conference will provide an important platform for advancing environmental initiatives proposed at previous international meetings and drawing global attention to the climate challenges facing our region. In Central Asia, rising temperatures, water scarcity, desertification and land degradation are directly affecting not only economic development but also the future of natural ecosystems and plant diversity.

The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, plays a central role in international cooperation on climate change. It sets the goal of holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to the impacts of climate change, and expanding financial and technological cooperation are essential to achieving this goal. Maintaining the resilience of natural ecosystems is particularly important in areas experiencing more frequent or severe droughts and water scarcity. Changes in climatic conditions directly affect the natural distribution of plants and the availability of suitable ecological conditions. Consequently, developing adaptation measures based on scientific observations has become an important focus of international climate policy.

Uzbekistan’s climate initiatives on international platforms address pressing issues such as the environmental challenges of the Aral Sea region, the protection of water resources and the restoration of natural ecosystems. At the COP28 summit in Dubai in 2023, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev called for cooperation in establishing an international climate technology expo hub in the Aral Sea region. This initiative seeks to bring together modern technologies and international expertise to address the region’s complex environmental challenges. At COP29 in Baku in 2024, a proposal was made to establish an International Centre for Climate Loss and Damage Assessment and to develop a Declaration on Obligations to Ensure the Ecological Safety and Health of River Ecosystems. Plans were also announced to launch a Regional Genetic Resources Bank to improve crop resilience to climate change.

Uzbekistan’s international environmental initiatives have also been reflected in documents adopted within the United Nations. In particular, on 13 August 2024, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution developed at our country’s initiative concerning sustainable forest management, afforestation and reforestation in degraded and dryland areas. The document recognizes the importance of combating land degradation and restoring forest ecosystems in addressing environmental challenges.

Regional cooperation was also discussed at the international climate forum held in Samarkand in April 2025. It was noted that a climate change adaptation strategy for the countries of Central Asia had been developed and approved. The President proposed holding an annual regional tree-planting campaign, the “Green Belt of Central Asia”, ahead of Navruz. He also emphasized the need to pool scientific expertise to strengthen the climate resilience of forestry and agriculture. These initiatives demonstrate Uzbekistan’s continued engagement in international climate policy and provide an important foundation for expanding cooperation at COP31.

International environmental initiatives are aligned with domestic efforts to expand green spaces, combat desertification and protect natural ecosystems. Under the nationwide “Yashil Makon” (“Green Space”) project, more than one billion tree and shrub seedlings have been planted across the country. According to information published on the official website of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on 6 July 2026, green coverage increased from 8 percent in 2020 to 14.3 percent in 2025. Ecological restoration in the Aral Sea region plays a particularly important role in combating desertification. In recent years, new forest plantations have been established across more than 2 million hectares of the dried Aral Sea bed. The planting of saxaul and other desert plants is intended to reduce the movement of sand, salt and dust and improve local environmental conditions. Attention is also being paid to the sustainable use of the natural potential of desert areas and the conservation of plant resources. The need to develop seed production and nurseries for desert plants and to cultivate halophytes has been emphasized, alongside proposals to test modern agricultural technologies on degraded land. These priorities underscore the need to integrate ecological restoration with scientific research.

The network of protected natural areas is also being expanded to conserve biodiversity. In 2025–2026, the areas of 10 protected natural territories were expanded. In 2026, three new national nature parks were established, increasing the number of protected areas within the Department of Protected Natural Areas from 24 to 27. According to official data, as of 30 March 2026, protected natural areas accounted for 15.7 percent of Uzbekistan’s territory.

Alongside greening efforts and the expansion of protected natural areas, conserving the diversity of wild plants in the face of climate change remains a pressing task. Changes in temperature and moisture regimes affect plant habitats in different ways and may lead to the contraction of suitable areas for some species or shifts to other geographic regions. Research conducted in Central Asia suggests that these processes may be particularly pronounced in mountain and foothill ecosystems. Models of the potential future distribution of certain plant species project a contraction of ecologically suitable areas, shifts towards higher elevations and a decline in climate refugia.

Research on the natural flora of Surkhandarya Region found that a comparison of the periods 1981–1990 and 2021–2023 showed an increase in air temperatures of 1.8–2.0 °C, while precipitation and soil moisture decreased. Changes in climatic conditions were relatively more pronounced in areas where endemic plant species occur, highlighting the need to pay particular attention to the conservation of their habitats.

From this perspective, conserving our national flora requires looking beyond existing protected areas and taking account of potential future changes in plant distribution. This calls for the systematic application of findings from floristic research, long-term ecological monitoring and modern modelling results in conservation practice.

Conserving biodiversity in the face of climate change requires coordinated efforts in international cooperation, national environmental policy and scientific research. COP31 offers an important opportunity to further strengthen cooperation in this field. The future of our national flora depends directly on decisions made today, the protection of natural ecosystems and the effectiveness of scientifically informed practical measures.

 Feruz Akbarov,

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Biological Sciences,

Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Flora of Uzbekistan,

Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.